Settlement Survival
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In this game, the player is tasked to lead a group of survivors in their search for a new home. They have manipulate the landscape, manage limited supplies, plant crops, hunt wildlife, gather resources, and develop trade routes to build a town from their settlement.
The aim of this study was to culture sponge juveniles from larvae. Starting from larvae we expected to enhance the survival and growth, and to decrease the variation in these parameters during the sponge cultures. First, settlement success, morphological changes during metamorphosis, and survival of Dysidea avara, Ircinia oros, Hippospongia communis, under the same culture conditions, were compared. In a second step, we tested the effects of flow and food on survival and growth of juveniles from Dysidea avara and Crambe crambe. Finally, in a third experiment, we monitored survival and growth of juveniles of D. avara and C. crambe transplanted to the sea to compare laboratory and field results. The results altogether indicated that sponge culture from larvae is a promising method for sponge supply and that laboratory culture under controlled conditions is preferred over sea cultures in order to prevent biomass losses during these early life stages.
With graphics kind of meh, but adequate, and the sound design also just adequate, and an early game that other games have already done, what is it that sets \"Settlement Survival\" apart This is a game that stands on the shoulders of giants, keeping what works and then adding to it. In many builders, such as \"Banished,\" the challenge is entirely in the early game, in keeping your villagers alive by making sure they have enough food, enough firewood for winter, that their clothing and tools are up to par. But by the mid- to late-game stages, your settlement is producing and trading for more resources than you can ever use, and the contest merely becomes one of scaling and efficiency.
\"Settlement Survival's\" introduction of a tech tree and dozens of advanced resources deftly creates a mid-game transition from survival game to manufacturing/industry management game. You're not just farming pumpkins for your villagers to eat anymore, that won't create enough happiness. So maybe you want to give them jam cookies, but that requires a bakery, which requires glass to build, which requires gathering sand, and cookies need sugar, which will require the right raw material, such as sugar cane syrup, the malt by-product from brewing ale, or sugar beets. And all these things require different technologies to be researched. In fact, even researching faster can be researched (but first you'll need to research how to create paper).
\"Settlement Survival\" is essentially two games in one, with the second being a natural evolution of what happens next when a pioneering settlement has secured its basic means of survival and takes the next step to become a full-fledged civilization.
Increasing settlement and post-settlement survival during the critical transition from planktonic larvae to benthic juveniles will increase efficiency for sea urchin aquaculture. This study investigated the effects of temperature and settlement cues on the settlement and post-settlement survival of the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla during this phase. The current commercial methodology, which utilises natural biofilm settlement plates, was tested and resulted in low settlement (85%). Mixed consortia and single strains of bacteria isolated from macroalgae, biofilms and adult conspecifics all induced significant settlement, but at significantly lower rates than macroalgae. No evidence was found that higher rates of settlement to bacteria on macroalgae were generated by a cofactor from the macroalgae. Age of bacterial cultures, culturing bacteria on solid and liquid media and concentration of nutrients in cultures had little effect on settlement rates. Finally, macroalgae-conditioned seawater combined with natural biofilm settlement plates induced significantly higher settlement than to the biofilm plates alone in a commercial scale trial. However, high post-settlement mortality resulted in equivalent survival between treatments after 25 days. This study highlights that settlement studies should extend to post-settlement survival, which remains poor for T. gratilla and is a significant obstacle to increasing efficiency for aquaculture.
The objective of this study was to investigate ways to increase survival in the transition from planktonic larvae to macroalgae-consuming benthic juveniles in the aquaculture of the tropical sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla. T. gratilla is a quick growing species [17], [36] with a high market value. It is being targeted as an aquaculture species [8], [17], [37] and is produced in small quantities for restocking in Japan [1], [8] and as food in the Philippines [37]. Its broad feeding preferences mark it as a promising species for integrated aquaculture (Seymour et al., unpublished manuscript) and it is being studied as a biological control for invasive macroalgae in the Hawaiian Islands.
To get a baseline of the effectiveness of the current commercial methodology for inducing settlement of T. gratilla, a commercial trial was conducted assessing settlement and post-settlement survival. Temperature was tested as a factor influencing both settlement and post-settlement survival in a laboratory experiment. To identify potential cues to enhance settlement, laboratory experiments assessed the ability of biofilms, macroalgae, seawater conditioned with macroalgae, mixed consortia and individual strains of bacteria, and supernatants of all bacteria to induce settlement. Because the physiological state of bacteria may influence the type of metabolites they produce [38], and hence influence their inductive capacity, the effects of bacterial culture method, the age of bacterial culture and the presence of macroalgae were tested in laboratory experiments. Finally, the most practical, highly inductive cue, as determined by the laboratory experiments, was tested in a commercial trial to determine the effectiveness of a highly inductive cue in increasing settlement at commercial scales, and to assess the impact on post-settlement survival.
Settlement rates were visually assessed once swimming larvae were no longer observed, 72 hrs after the second larval introduction. Settled juveniles (approx. 0.5 mm diameter) were easily seen amongst the biofilm. All settled sea urchins were counted on the sides of the tubs, and within five haphazardly selected 5050 mm quadrats on the bottoms of the tubs. Sea urchins were also counted on the three 100100 mm plates in each of the settlement tubs to get an assessment of the number of urchins settled to the plates. These results were then extrapolated to give an estimate of the total number of settled urchins on each of these areas and within the replicate. Post-settlement survival was assessed weekly, using the same methods. As post-settlement mortality increased, larger sample sizes were used for the bottom of the tub and the plates. By the fourth week, the whole of the bottom of each tub, and all of the plates in each tub were surveyed for juvenile sea urchins.
In parallel, six bacterial strains isolated from C. officinalis and Amphiroa anceps, (A2, A358, H33, C11, C38, C312; University of New South Wales bacterial strain collection) were cultured as for the mixed consortiums. Strains were selected as they had induced varying settlement rates for Heliocidaris erythrogramma [13] and other sea urchin larvae (Nielsen, unpublished data). To test if supernatants could induce settlement in the absence of bacteria, supernatants of each of the bacterial strains and the mixed consortiums were filtered (0.22 µm Millex Millipore GP syringe filter) and 100 µL added to each replicate. Positive control treatments of C. officinalis, S. linearifolium and natural biofilm were prepared as previously described, along with equivalent proportions of adult T. gratilla faeces and gut contents. Larval culture tank deposits were prepared as for the natural biofilm. A control treatment of the bacterial culture medium was used, with replicates receiving 100 µL each.
To assess the effectiveness of mixed consortia of bacteria to induce settlement of T. gratilla as a function of age, bacterial cultures aged for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours were used in a settlement assay. A standard liquid culture was created using bacteria isolated from C. officinalis as previously described. This standard culture was used to inoculate ten replicates of the (10% marine broth in ASW) surface media every 24 hours for a period of 72 hours. The final surface cultures were prepared 24 hours prior to commencement of the settlement assay. Controls of C. officinalis, natural biofilm, agar and surface media were used.
To test whether there was a cofactor produced by S. linearifolium that influenced the capacity of bacteria to induce settlement bacteria were assayed in the presence/absence of S. linearifolium. Bacteria were isolated from S. linearifolium by scraping thalli three times per side across semi-solid agar (5% in FSW). Thalli of S. linearifolium were cleaned by scraping across semi-solid agar, and the combination of scraping and steeping in iodine (10% in FSW). These treatments are known to effectively remove almost all bacteria from the treated macroalgae [11]. An assay was done using the agar containing bacteria scraped from S. linearifolium alone and in combination with cleaned S. linearifolium thalli. Cleaned and uncleaned thalli of S. linearifolium alone, and agar without bacteria were also assayed as controls.
Data were analysed using permutational analysis of variance (PERMANOVA [45]). PERMANOVA compares the F statistics to a distribution generated by multiple random permutations of the analysed data, thus liberating it from the formal assumptions of traditional ANOVA [45]. Settlement assays often contain heterogeneous variances among treatments, typically due to no settlement in controls. PERMANOVA avoids the use of data transformations and the exclusion of controls during analysis. Pair-wise comparisons of untransformed data were generated using Euclidean distance, utilising approximately 9999 permutations of the raw data. A Monte Carlo procedure was used when the number of unique permutations was low. Repeated measures analysis of survival was conducted for the temperature and large scale macroalgae-conditioned seawater trials. Pair-wise post-hoc tests were performed if PERMANOVA results indicated that there were significant differences between treatments. A priori planned contrasts were conducted between supernatant and bacteria, and surface and liquid media treatments respectively. Analyses were conducted using Primer 6 (Primer-E, Plymouth) with PERMANOVA+ extension (v.6.1.7) software. 59ce067264
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